The ureteroscopy (URS) procedure is a minimally invasive technique used to diagnose and treat various conditions affecting the urinary tract, particularly the ureter and kidneys. Here’s an overview of the typical steps involved in a ureteroscopy procedure:

1. Preparation: Before the procedure, the patient may receive instructions regarding fasting and medication usage. They may also undergo preoperative tests such as blood tests and imaging studies to assess the condition of the urinary tract.

2. Anesthesia: Ureteroscopy can be performed under general anesthesia, where the patient is asleep, or under local anesthesia with sedation, where the patient is relaxed but not unconscious. The choice of anesthesia depends on factors such as the patient’s overall health and the complexity of the procedure.

3. Insertion of the Ureteroscope: Once the patient is adequately anesthetized, the urologist inserts a thin, flexible instrument called a ureteroscope through the urethra and into the bladder. The ureteroscope is then advanced up through the ureter to reach the kidney.

4. Visualization: The ureteroscope contains a small camera and a light source, allowing the urologist to visualize the inside of the urinary tract on a monitor. Real-time imaging helps the urologist identify any abnormalities such as kidney stones, tumors, or strictures.

5. Treatment: Depending on the findings, the urologist may perform various treatments during the ureteroscopy procedure. This can include removing kidney stones using specialized tools passed through the ureteroscope, known as ureteroscopic stone removal or lithotripsy. Other treatments may involve biopsies, stent placement, or treatment of strictures.

6. Post-procedure: After the procedure, the patient is monitored in a recovery area until they are fully awake and stable. They may experience some discomfort, urinary urgency, or mild bleeding, which is typically temporary. Pain medication and instructions for postoperative care may be provided to manage any symptoms.

7. Follow-up: The patient may be scheduled for a follow-up appointment to assess their recovery and discuss any further treatment or management plans if necessary.